Nonodontogenic mandibular lesions: differentiation based on CT attenuation

Mandibular lesions are classified as odontogenic and nonodontogenic based on the cell of origin. Odontogenic lesions are frequently encountered at head and neck imaging. However, several nonodontogenic pathologies may also involve mandible and present further diagnostic dilemma. Awareness of the imaging features of nonodontogenic lesions is crucial in order to guide clinicians in proper patient management. Computed tomography (CT) may provide key information to narrow diagnostic considerations. Nonodontogenic mandibular lesions may have lytic, sclerotic, ground-glass, or mixed lytic and sclerotic appearances on CT. In this article, our aim is to present various nonodontogenic lesions of the mandible by categorizing them according to their attenuations on CT

Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder

Background: Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods: Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results: This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion: A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed

Licensed And Unlicensed Production Since The Beginning Of Wind Energy Legislation In Turkey

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Enerji Enstitüsü, 2014Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Energy Institute, 2014Enerjinin hayatın her alanında etkili olduğu günümüzde, artan nüfusa paralel olarak, gelişen enerji tabanlı teknolojik aygıtların kullanımının artması sebebiyle oluşan enerji ihtiyacına, devletler ve sivil toplum organizasyonları, potansiyel enerji krizlerinin ve aynı eksenli savaşların önüne geçebilmek adına çözüm aramaktadırlar. Bu bağlamda insanlığın en eski çağlardan bu yana kullana geldiği tabii kaynakların, daha verimli kullanılması gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. 21. Yüzyıl verimlilik ve sürdürülebilirlik kavramları üzerine yoğunlaşmış ve bu kavramlar yenilenebilir enerjiyi daha rasyonel ele alma yolunda yeni fikirleri beslemiştir. Bir yenilenebilir enerji kaynağı ile çalışan ve son yılların en çok gelişmeye uğrayan enerji üretim tekniği olan rüzgâr santralleri, uzun süredir Dünya'da ve yakın geçmişte Türkiye'de kullanımı yaygınlaşmış olan enerji santralleridir. Gelişmişliğin ve sürdürülebilir yaşamın en önemli göstergelerinden olan hukukun üstünlüğü, kamu idaresinin vazgeçilmez unsurudur. Türkiye'de de enerjinin her alanında, düzenleyici, denetleyici uzlaştırıcı faaliyetler yürüten kurum ve kuruluşlar bulunmakta ve enerji mevzuatı söz konusu kurum ve kuruluşlar vasıtasıyla şekillenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, özellikle son yıllarda yapısı değişen veya yeni kurulan EPDK, YEGM vb. kurumların yön vermesi ile hızla gelişen ve değişen enerji mevzuatı sektörün gelişiminde oldukça önemli açılımlara sebep olmuştur. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında Türkiye'de yenilenebilir enerji mevzuatı rüzgâr enerjisi açısından irdelenmiş, sektör adına anlamlı bulunan noktalar başlangıcından günümüze karşılaştırmalı olarak işlenmiştir. Mevzuatta kullanılan hukuki ifadeler, olabildiğince sade ve açık şekilde ifade edilmiş, ilgili kanun, yönetmelik, tebliğ, standard vb. düzenlemeler teknik getirileri, kısıtları ve uygulamaya dönük hususları dikkate alınarak özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Türkiye'de enerji piyasasındaki temel faaliyetlerden olan lisanslı ve lisanssız üretim tipleri, mevcut düzenlemeler eksenli değerlendirilmeye çalışılmış, geçmişten günümüze yaşanan gelişmeler ve bu gelişmeler neticesinde ilgili üretim alanlarında ortaya çıkan değişiklikler tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular ışığında, lisanlı ve lisanssız üretim tipleri hususunda, gerçekleştiği takdirde sektör adına fayda sağlayacağı düşünülen tespit ve öneriler sunulmuştur. Türkiye'de 2005-2013 yılları arası gerçekleşen rüzgâr enerjisi alanındaki 100 katı aşkın kurulu güç gelişiminin, özellikle 2005 yılında yürürlüğe giren 5346 sayılı "Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Elektrik Enerjisi Üretimi Amaçlı Kullanımına İlişkin Kanun" sonrası olduğu bilgisi ışığında bakıldığında, bu çalışma ile hayatın her alanında olduğu gibi enerji alanında da mevzuat düzenleyici idare organlarının ve yasamanın her türlü gelişme üzerinde doğrudan etkili olduğu ifade edilmeye çalışılmıştır.In today's world, energy takes an important place in all areas of life. Because of the growing population and increase in the usage of technological devices with high energy consumtion, the energy need has been increasing. Governments and civil non-governmental organizations are trying to find out solutions for potential energy crisis and wars for controlling energy sources. In this context, the necessity of more efficient use of the natural resources, which have been used by mankind since the most ancient times, comes into question. In the 21st Century people have focused on efficiency and sustainability concepts, and renewable energy has encouraged new ideas towards a more rational handling of these concepts. Wind power plants which are the most effected ones from the development of energy production techniques in recent years, have been used widely in the world for a long time and also in Turkey for a couple of decades. The rule of law, which is one of the most important indicators of sophistication and sustainable living, is an indispensable element of public administration. In Turkey, the legislative activities are carried out by TBMM (Grand National Assembly of Turkey). However, authorized institutions which were established by law also take place in legislation activities. Within the scope of this thesis, Turkey's renewable energy legislation have been analyzed mainly focusin on the wind energy. All Turkish legislation was carefully examined and searched for the word of "wind" in all documents. The findings have been screened under wind based electric energy producing. These findings were collected under the regulating title of legislation that are laws, regulations, notices, circulars, such as methods and standards. Enough information about the relevant section under each heading have been submitted. One of the each type of the basis activities In Turkey's energy market licensed and unlicensed production types have been tried to evaluate according to existing regulations axis.Developments from the past to the present and also the changes in relevant production areas occured by these developments have been identified. In light of these findings, for licensed and unlicensed production types, key points and recommendations are presented which are thought to provide benefits when realized for the sector. This study is intended to express objective ideas about legislative regulatory authorities and legislative bodies having a direct impact on the development of energy sector. This thesis is supported by the fact that Turkey's installed capacity has increased over 100 times in the field of wind energy between the years of 2005-2013. The main reason behind this sharp inrease in the numbers is the "Renewable Energy Resources for the Purpose of Generating Electrical Energy Law" which entered into force in 2005.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Effect of Simultaneous Cystocele Repair On Transobturator Tape In Patients With Stress Urinary Incontinence

Objective In this study, the effect of cystocele repair performed simultaneously with transobturator tape (TOT) on the results of operation was evaluated in patients with stress urinary incontinance (SUI) and pelvis organ prolapsus (POP). Materials and Methods The data of 103 patients who had SUI and cystocele between 2006 and 2012 were evaluated retrospectively. The patients who underwent only TOT was classified as group 1 and the patients who underwent cystocele repair simulatenously with TOT were classified as group 2. The patients in group 2 were divided as group 2a (low grade cystocele (grade 1 and 2)) and group 2b (high grade (grade 3) cystocele ). The age, number of normal deliveries, pad test, cystocele grade, post-operative complications and preop International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) forms were evaluated from the patient files. All patients were questioned by ICIQ-SF in terms of the final continence status. The groups were compared in terms of the above-mentioned parameters. Results It was observed that there was no significant difference between group 1 and group 2 in terms of preoperative ICIQ-SF scores (16.06±0.34 and 16.82±0.42, respectively) and demographic data at the baseline. It was observed that the postoperative ICIQ-SF scores decreased markedly in both groups (3.28±0.78 and 5.41±1.21, respectively, p<0.01). While there was no difference in preoperative ICIQ-SF values in the patients in group 2b in comparison with the patients in group 2a, the postoperative ICIQ-SF scorewas significantly lower. The mean ∆ICIQ-SF score was found to be lower in the patients in group 2a compared to the patients in group 1 and group 2b (8.88±1.98,12.77±0.83, and 13.57±1.42, respectively, p<0.01). Conclusion Conclusively, cystocele repair performed simultaneously with TOT does not provide additional improvement in patients with low grade cystocele, whereas cystocele repair performed simultaneously with TOT provides a more prominent improvement in patients with high grade cystocel